Adjective
A word that describes a noun: a red door, an honest answer.
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Adverb
A word that describes a verb, adjective or another adverb: she writes quickly.
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Article
a, an, the — the small words that mark a noun as general or specific.
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Auxiliary verb
A helper verb (be, do, have) used to build tenses, questions and negatives.
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CEFR
The scale used to describe language level: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2.
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Clause
A group of words with a subject and a verb. A sentence needs at least one.
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Collocation
Words that naturally go together: make a mistake, heavy rain.
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Comparative
The -er / more form used to compare two things: taller, more useful.
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Conditional
An if sentence describing a condition and its result.
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Conjunction
A joining word: and, but, because, although.
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Contraction
A shortened form with an apostrophe: don’t, I’m, she’s.
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Countable noun
A noun you can count: one book, two books. Takes a/an and a plural.
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Determiner
A word before a noun that identifies it: the, my, this, some.
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Gerund
The -ing form used as a noun: Reading is fun.
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Infinitive
The base form, usually with to: to read.
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Irregular verb
A verb whose past doesn’t end in -ed: go / went / gone.
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Modal verb
can, could, must, should, will, would — they add possibility, ability or obligation.
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Noun
A person, place, thing or idea: teacher, city, freedom.
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Participle
The verb form used after have or in the passive: written, eaten.
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Passive voice
The object becomes the subject: The letter was written by her.
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Phrasal verb
Verb + particle with a new meaning: give up, look after.
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Preposition
A word showing relationship in time or space: in, on, at, for.
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Pronoun
A word replacing a noun: he, it, they, which.
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Schwa
The weak, unstressed vowel sound /ə/ — the most common sound in English.
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Superlative
The -est / most form for three or more: tallest.
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Tense
The form of the verb that places it in time — English has 12.
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Uncountable noun
A noun you can’t count: information, advice, water. No a, no plural.
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Word stress
The syllable said with more force: PHO-to-graph vs pho-TO-gra-pher.
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